Exploring Mobile Secondhand Marketplace Dynamics

Abstract

In recent years, second-hand trading platforms have expanded significantly around the world. Users of these platforms can easily exchange commodities and contribute to the growth of local economies and communities. This study aims to investigate the design and user experience (UX) of these platforms, including the cultural and environmental impacts that cross platform boundaries. The second-hand trading platforms show significant differences in design and UX across countries. Behind the distinctions, though, are common phenomena that seem to be a shared experience for people worldwide. Through interviews and research, I would like to take the positives from the existing platforms and design a platform to elevate HFBK's secondary trading.

Introduction

The history of humanity has been a history of trade. From primitive trade to bitcoin markets, our transactions have evolved to transcend materiality and distance. Digital technology has also expanded the platforms for trading goods geographically and materially. We live in a world where many online shopping malls and hyper-consumerism entice us to open our wallets, just like Temu's strategy, "You should feel like a billionaire when you buy an egg cutter." (Weber, 2023) This overconsumption is particularly encouraged by the ultra-low-cost players. Notably, Temu has already outperformed all other companies, including Amazon, in many countries. In European and US markets, Temu is now the most downloaded free app. (Hyldig, 2024)

Then why should we still focus on a seemingly outdated form, local-used commodity trading? We're throwing away more and more garbage than we can digest on our own. Pollution of the environment and depreciation of resources are specifically the result of the production methods and consumption patterns of the twenty-first century. (Steffen, 2016). Throughout history, people have always found uses and strategies to trade in and give away previously owned goods. It is a relatively new concept in human society that products should be purchased brand new and then discarded. (Lingel, 2020). Perhaps we've become so immersed in the paradigm of capitalism that we've taken its teachings as absolute truth.

This is an issue we are facing at our university as well. From January to October 2023, the University of Fine Arts of Hamburg (HFBK) has experienced a high amount of bulky waste. So far, a total of 464 cubic meters of bulky waste has been produced, which required 25 containers for disposal. This amount of waste has resulted in the emission of 236.2 tons of CO₂ and has cost €33,000. These numbers show that there has been a significant loss of materials that could have been reused (Schweizer & Auer, 2023).

“I had already internalized a narrative that put new things above used, the sanitized over the secondhand (Lingel, 2020).”

Like Lingel's confession, we need to deconstruct and front this preconceived concept that has settled in us. We need to adopt alternative consumption habits to find a new usage of things we have rather than buying new things.

Nowadays, sustainability has redefined customer values and become an advantage for competitive retailers in the retail business. With this desire for ethical consumption, the old stereotype of being embarrassed by second-hand goods has vanished and been replaced by a fashionable, environmentally conscious image (Franklin, 2011).

According to one of the passionate secondary users, it is claimed that the secondary market is encouraged as a means of avoiding Amazon capitalism, the dominant model that emphasizes constantly replacing electronics and other items rather than recycling them. In this perspective, peerto- peer sharing makes sense in terms of eliminating waste and cycling commodities to where they can be used rather than just owned (Lingel, 2020).

The author of this study is a South Korean student currently studying abroad in Germany. In 1997, South Korea had a period of active bartering in order to get through the IMF economic crisis. However, currently, young Koreans who have grown up in material wealth are once again enjoying thrifting. What's different from the past is that it's emerging as an alternative to sustainable living (Lim, 2021). There is also an analysis that the second-hand market has been growing rapidly because the perception of second-hand goods is also changing among young people, as it has become fashionable to consume vintage items such as used clothing and shoes (Na, 2020).

Figure 1

While HFBK currently has a Telegram channel (Figure 1), it is primarily used for housing ads, furniture sales, and event promotion. It appears that most transactions facilitated through the channel are external to the university. The Telegram channel also presents limitations from the app itself. Due to the overwhelming number of posts, it becomes difficult for users to find specific items they need. This lack of organization makes the platform inefficient for trading goods in the community. The largest source of waste in HFBK comes from annual exhibitions. Unfortunately, many of the materials used in these displays were thrown away even though they could still be recycled. Based on these observations, I concluded that establishing a more active and accessible platform for students to trade within the university could significantly reduce waste and resource consumption.

Then, what essential elements must be established to create a platform that meets the needs of students while promoting sustainable consumption? Following the survey of young people from Yonsei University in South Korea (Bae, Choi, Gantumur, & Kim, 2022), it is found that safe transactions, appealing user interface design, and individual compatibility are included as the best elements influencing users' use of secondhand platforms. Many existing secondhand platforms are already employing a variety of competitive strategies to capture these customers. They have also tried appealing to the educational, enjoyable, and aesthetic values of secondhand shopping through experiential strategies of swap events and treasure hunting (Kim S. , 2021). This suggests that if the secondhand platform provides a pleasant experience, it will be available to provoke more secondhand trading.

In this study, I compared and analyzed several secondhand platforms in Korea and Germany, such as the existing Karrot Market, Kleinanzeigen, and Vinted. Furthermore, I explored the nature of human desire and its global phenomenon by studying various human relational cases. As a result, I tried to find references in all these areas that can be applied to HFBK's secondhand platform.

1. Features of global digital secondhand markets

Second-hand trading has a long history, and in the digital age, it has expanded its reach through online platforms. People around the world can now buy and sell second-hand goods with the click of a button, and physical distance is no longer a barrier. Digital second-hand trading is creating new value for consumers by offering convenience, a wide range of choices, and ease of price comparison.

Automatically, the changing digital environment caused a new culture in second-hand trading. With scammers exploiting anonymity, bizarre scams and stories occur across geographies and form a common experience. These experiences spread globally through meme culture and resonate among people. This secondary online culture that derives from second-hand trading platforms is enough to grab our attention.

These phenomena in second-hand trading are based on human interaction, cultures, and countries and are an interesting subject of study that reveals human nature.

1.1 Motivation

Why do people trade secondhand? Starting from my personal thrifting experience, I have had a favorable perspective on secondhand goods since long ago.

When I was in elementary school, I collected and stored abandoned stationery from the ground, like erasers or pencils, etc. And I provided my own rental system to students. This voluntary service is believed to have stemmed from my deep-seated resistance to consumerism. As an adult, I shopped frequently in vintage clothing stores. The ability to find one-of-a-kind items was my main motivation. During the pandemic, before moving to Germany, I used the second-hand trading app Karrot to get rid of items I didn't need. Financial reasons were my main motivation at that time.

Looking back on these experiences, I have chosen to buy secondhand in different contexts. As a child, for moral and environmental reasons; as an adult, for the joy of treasure hunting; and during the pandemic, for financial reasons.

Similarly, a study by Guiot and Roux found four distinct patterns in the motivation of secondhand shoppers. First, ethical and environmental reasons are important motives. These patterns of consumers tend to reuse their products over traditional shopping and reject the standardized aesthetics commonly found in the normal market. Second, experimental motives can also be a reason. Secondhand products have the uniqueness that there is only one, so that consumers can express their individuality and express their personal identity. Third, some consumers enjoy secondhand shopping as if they are hunting treasure. They enjoy the shopping process itself and aim to enjoy and experience an environment where they explore new things. The fourth motive, economic motivation, is in line with the desire to reduce costs. This includes low prices and the satisfaction they get after discovering good deals, and the price itself plays a rewarding role in the shopping experience (Guiot & Roux, 2010).

Of course, their study was conducted in 2010 on French shoppers, so it can hardly be considered representative of all human behavior worldwide. But what about Germany, where the current author studies? I had anticipated that Germans would be strongly motivated by ecological factors, given their general concern for the environment and climate. However, the findings suggest that that is not the main reason behind their second-hand shopping behavior. A 2016 study by Steffen provides evidence that German consumers are not primarily motivated by ecological concerns nor by economic factors, but by nostalgic motivations. This suggests that German consumers tend to buy second-hand goods as a way to express a particular lifestyle (Steffen, 2016).

1.2 Negotiation

One of the most characteristic aspects of secondhand trading is price negotiation. Price negotiations are common when buying new products in traditional markets, but in countries like Korea and Germany, they are rarely seen in the daily lives of cities, as fixed prices are common in supermarkets and retail stores. Secondhand markets are one of the few spaces where such negotiation processes are still carried out in urban settings. This may be because secondhand platforms possess some of the primitives of trading relationships reshaped by technological and social advances in modern society.

In this context, secondhand trading platforms may be a modern evolution of traditional market practices. As in the past, buyers and sellers negotiate prices, trade goods directly, and rely on trust to complete transactions. However, since these interactions now take place online, the main difference from traditional markets lies in digital transformation. These secondhand trading platforms preserve the core elements of traditional commerce, while providing the convenience of connecting people from various locations and a wide network.

According to Lingel, in reviewing trading on used platforms, it can be observed how everyday decisions, such as pricing, reflect the underlying social dynamics in society. In short, shopping in used markets does not require completely new rules or customs, but rather replicates the system of existing markets (Lingel, 2020).

So how can people in secondhand markets set prices and handle transactions without having to have an official pricing guide or staff? To explore this, I looked at various secondhand trading apps and conducted brief interviews with enthusiastic secondhand traders who took pride in their negotiation skills. One interviewee in particular seemed very proud and satisfied with her negotiating history. She said, "People who sell products are often desperate to sell and want to get rid of them quickly. People who don't want to negotiate usually say that in advance. So I typically ask for a 5- 10% discount, and they usually agree. You just have to be careful not to ask for too much, or you might get blocked."

In summary, the dynamics of pricing and bargaining in the secondary market suggest the adaptability of participants. Because there are no structured guidelines for traditional retailing in the used market, buyers and sellers must rely on their personal intuition to explore using informal tactics. Often, successful deals can yield satisfaction. Whether you want to buy something or be driven by the thrill of negotiation, these interactions demonstrate the unique and evolving nature of secondhand trading. As the platform continues to grow, the skills and strategies of buyers and sellers will become more sophisticated, shaping the future of this ever-expanding market.

1.3 Treasure Hunting

Among the various motivations for second-hand trading, the concept of "treasure hunting" stands out as a distinctive factor. This phenomenon means the thrill of finding unexpected gemstones that can look like unwanted or abandoned items. Consumers are driven by the excitement of discovering hidden values in these overlooked goods, and second-hand shopping often provides this particular sense of satisfaction as well.

According to Guiot and Roux (2010), there are more reasons for second-hand shopping than just saving money. They emphasize that the thrill of 'hunting' goes beyond mere shopping and acts as an entertainment element, providing consumers with pleasure and personal achievement (Guiot & Roux, 2010). Gregson and Crew (1997) similarly describe the addictive element of second-hand shopping, in which buyers look for exclusive or discontinued items that are no longer available in the mainstream market. When consumers purchase a unique product with a personal or historical significance, they add additional value to the purchasing experience itself (Gregson & Crewe, 1997).

Based on these studies, I believe that secondhand transactions have a strong potential to empathize with young consumers. For many people, secondhand shopping is not just for saving money, but a unique act of forming a personal bond between objects and themselves. Through these experiences, buyers feel meaningful consumption by attaching to objects and giving them narratives. Taking advantage of these desires, secondhand trading offers young people a rewarding and more attractive alternative than traditional shopping experiences.

1.4 Memes

Figure 2

These memes about secondhand trading are not limited to The emergence of memes centered around secondhand trading has increased noticeably in recent years. These memes humorously capture the nuances of secondhand trading, reflecting a experiences that many people can relate to. Recently I found a German Instagram account singing weird experiences of secondhand trading with a rap over a Minecraft play video (Figure 2). These meme channels are showing interest in secondhand trading itself and the factors that make them reluctant nonetheless. As a result, they're attracting users' attention, either for good or for bad.

any one country, they are a worldwide phenomenon. Various cultures and countries have creative and humorous representations of strange people they have encountered in secondhand trading. This trend suggests that secondhand trading has evolved beyond mere commercial transactions into a form of communication and cultural expression among people around the world.

I analyzed memes related to secondhand trading in the US, Germany, and Korea through Google search to derive the themes of some common memes.

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First, the concept of "toxic behavior," which describes unethical or rude behavior by a seller or buyer, is a meme that is widely shared in all three countries. These memes humorously reflect situations in which individuals engage in immoral or impure behavior, evoking sympathy from users around the world.

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Second, depicting ridiculous or unrealistic items for sale is also a frequent topic. Memes highlighting bizarre or absurdly priced products often attract the user's attention and become a source of shared fun.

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Third, the idea of "mating phase" refers to instances where, particularly male users, misuse secondhand platforms to approach others under the guise of making a transaction.

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Finally, there are memes that share similar experiences that users felt while using secondhand trading platforms. These memes create connections and familiarities between users while sharing experiences using the app. In the Korean, there's a meme known as "Daangn-i-seyo? (do you come from Karrot)" which is a popular phrase among users of the 'Karrot' platform. The meme captures the anxiety and uncertainty when you meet someone for face-to-face trading and wonder if this is really the person who will trade with me. As this phrase created broad empathy among users, it was actively shared and reproduced, even appearing in Karrot's official ads (Figure 14). This example shows an example of a secondary meme culture being actively shared, adopted by platforms, and integrated into mainstream marketing.

The evolution of memes related to secondhand trading narrows the gap between everyday trading and broad commercial strategies, while many people sympathizing with and sharing memes. The emergence of these memes also shows that secondhand trading has become a global cultural phenomenon that promotes social interaction and acts as a form of cultural expression beyond commercial platforms.

1.5 Frauds

In the realm of secondhand trading, seller reliability remains an important challenge and a wellknown risk factor (JungYearin & JuYoungae, 2021). Because of the potential for fraud and deception in the secondhand market, researchers emphasize the need for strong action to protect consumers. Unfortunately, the scale of this problem is expanding over time. According to recently released Federal Trade Commission data, in 2023, consumers reported losses of over $10 billion due to fraud. This figure represents a 14% increase over reported losses in 2022 (Federal Trade Commission, 2024).

In online transactions, buyers cannot directly inspect the quality of used goods before making a purchase. This uncertainty is often caused by incomplete information provided by sellers, which undermines trust in secondhand transactions. This information asymmetry usually occurs because sellers know more about the actual state of the product than buyers. Therefore, often dishonest sellers take advantage of it (FernandoAngeline, SivakumaranBharadhwaj, SuganthiL, 2018).

However, it's not just buyers who are taking the risk. In secondhand trading, sellers also have the potential to deal with terrible buyers. According to Bogenschneider and Mironko(2021), who discussed the various scams that occur on eBay, common types of seller fraud include price manipulation and reselling, the sale of problematic products, and unfair shipping practices. On the other hand, common types of buyer fraud include threat and unfair billing, returns, and payment manipulation (Bogenschneider & Mironko, 2021). This outcome demonstrates that everyone eventually has the chance to have strange experiences.

This is an unavoidable phenomenon in any platform-based environment. Platforms play a crucial role by bringing together a diverse array of participants. These communities include both wellintentioned and malicious actors, from beginners to experts to scammers and their victims. Thus, platforms originally designed for communication and exchange must always face unexpected forms of violence and bullying (Lingel, 2020).

Platforms should be aware of these risks and work hard to ensure a safe community. To support users needs, platforms can elevate the trade experience by introducing features such as fast chat options and improved payment systems to combat fraud (Bae, Choi, Gantumur, & Kim, 2022).

2. Differences Across Secondary Trade Digital Platforms

In the era of e-commerce, technology has significantly changed consumer behavior and redefined the way consumers interact with shops. With the rise of online shopping, traditional purchasing methods have evolved, providing consumers with greater convenience, broader product access, and a personalized shopping experience. These changes have not only changed the dynamics between purchasing and selling, but are also reshaping the relationship between consumers and businesses.

Secondhand platforms are also diversified in line with these changes, providing a variety of user experiences with unique features. These platforms all share the common goal of promoting the sale of used goods, but transaction operations, connections between users, and transaction processing are significantly different. I have been able to research various platforms to identify user journeys and experiences of each platforms and to have a clearer understanding of the evolving trading environment and the future of E-commerce.

2.1 Consumer Experiences in the Online Era

Secondhand transactions continue to grow worldwide. Especially, they are developing into appbased devices that prioritize convenience. These apps are increasing the number of users by taking advantage of their good accessibility and convenience. As users increasingly seek accessible and convenient options, these application-based platforms play an essential role in facilitating secondhand transactions (JungYearin & JuYoungae, 2021).

Koufaris (2002) explores the dual identity of online shoppers as consumers and computer users. This identity is significantly different from offline shoppers, resulting in unique expectations and requirements for online shoppers. While product displays are still important in attracting buyers, the overall quality of the experience of shopping online plays the most pivotal role in shaping the user's satisfaction. Because when online shoppers are only provided with limited sensory experiences through the media, platforms should meet consumers' preferences more effectively.

Given these limitations, it is imperative that online platforms offer more than just visually appealing product displays. Features such as effective user experience (UX) design, intuitive interface structure, and recommendation system are essential components that must be integrated to meet the needs of practical modern online consumers. These factors not only enhance the shopping experience, but also build trust between consumers and sellers and encourage repeated use of these platforms (KoufarisMarios, 2002).

2.2 Hyperlocal Market: Karrot as an Example

"I can trust it because things are traded in my neighborhood (Kim & Kim, 2022)."

This sentence was mentioned by a Karrot user, a neighborhood secondhand platform in Korea. As Facebook has shifted from a small community to a worldwide service, Karrot was first launched as a local community among IT office workers in Pangyo, Korea's Silicon Valley. Since then, Karrot has developed into a region-based secondhand trading platform across the country.

Karrot operates as a true local community by only allowing individual transactions between users and prohibiting retailers from entering. Services that target specific areas, such as neighborhoods, are called "hyperlocal." Moreover, Karrot concentrated on face-to-face transactions. This platform's motto resonated with consumers, who appreciate the convenience of trading with nearby neighbors while wearing slippers. This physical closeness not only makes transactions easier but also lowers additional costs like shipping (Hankyung, 2021).

Karrot's gained its appeal point that they are a hyperlocal-based platform by certificating residential areas through GPS. Interestingly, many users have signed up for Karrot due to rumors that secondhand luxury brand items are often discovered in wealthy areas. They have been asked to buy brand products instead by friends or acquaintances who are certified as residents of wealthy areas, and these rumors and informal purchasing networks have played an important role in increasing Karrot's popularity (Cho, 2020).

Inspired by this example, I found a great potential in hyperlocal market that it can reduce carbon emissions. If in a hyperlocal environment like a university, secondhand transactions are activated, we will be able to reduce a lot of trash and carbon.

2.3 User Journey Comparison Between Platforms

This study analyzed the user journey and evaluation process across four stages of three secondhand trading apps: Kleinanzeigen, Karrot, and Vinted. The goal was to explore which features.

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In the search stage, all three apps offer similar features, displaying algorithm-based recommended items on the main screen. The focus of this study was on the categorization of products, which highlights each app's market positioning and target user base. Kleinanzeigen (Figure 15) presents itself as a comprehensive community platform by featuring five major categories (used cars, furniture, real estate, clothing, and miscellaneous) on its main screen. In contrast, Karrot (Figure 16, 17) separates its community and second-hand trading functions, reflecting its transition from a second-hand marketplace to a broader local community platform (Hankyung, 2021). Vinted (Figure 18), on the other hand, is focused primarily on clothing and accessories, with categories like "Designer" prominently displayed in the fashion sector.

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In the information verification stage, all three apps provide users with the ability to rate one another and review the seller's transaction history. However, the way these ratings are presented differs between the apps. Karrot (Figure 19) offers a user-friendly "Manner Temperature" system, which aggregates a user's overall activity. Additionally, Karrot displays various badges, direct reviews, and feedback from previous transactions. Vinted (Figure 20) employs a star rating system and offers written reviews from buyers and sellers, along with seller profiles and a following/follower system similar to Instagram, allowing users to gather more information about sellers. In contrast, Kleinanzeigen (Figure 21) offers more limited seller information, relying on three feedback badges (satisfaction, friendliness, trustworthiness) without providing direct reviews. One common feature across all three apps is the ability to view other items the seller is currently offering, though only Karrot allows users to view items that have already been sold.

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In the purchase stage, all three apps offer direct communication with sellers through chat functions. In Kleinanzeigen (Figure 22), the message button is fixed, with the right side showing options for direct purchase, making an offer, or nothing depending on sellers. Karrot's (Figure 23) main interface includes a prominent button "Chat," and in some cases, a "make an offer" button appears based on settings. A notable distinction with Karrot is that users are required to start a one-on-one conversation with the seller if they wish to purchase an item. Vinted (Figure 24) includes both direct purchase and offer buttons, but its messaging feature is less prominent, appearing next to the seller's profile as a small "Ask Seller" button. The comparison indicates that Karrot fosters the most direct communication between users, while Vinted takes a more passive approach.

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In the sales stage, Karrot stands out with its automatic categorization feature (Figure 26), where items are sorted into categories using AI based on the content of the listing. This helps users unfamiliar with categorization to avoid confusion, significantly improving usability (Young, 2019). This automation removes the need for users to manually select categories, making the app more userfriendly. In contrast, Vinted (Figure 28) allows users to select specific brands during the listing process, which aligns with its identity as a clothing-centric platform and offers an intuitive classification system for fashion items.

2.4 Pain Points for Each App

During my research, I gathered various opinions and complaints about the app from the app store and online community. As a result, the following are the issues identified for each app.

Karrot users have complained about a system that strictly restricts to approach for items only sold to their region. They noted that these restrictions may hinder users from exploring and comparing items from different regions. There has also been feedback on the evaluation system, which they say puts psychological pressure on users.

Kleinanzeigen users were particularly concerned about the spread of advertisements. Many of the platform's products were advertisements on Amazon or Temu's sites. This provides unpleasant experience because this is against the needs of users who wanted to do secondhand transactions. Some users complained that the app's interface was outdated. They also mentioned that they were uneasy to figure out encountering fraud and phishing despite the platform's own efforts.

Vinted users often cite problems with messaging systems, which they say are slow and unreliable and often miss out on trading opportunities. In particular, I have found many reviews that they have had negative experiences with frauds transactions due to the lack of strong buyer protection policies.

To address these challenges, platforms may consider improving their features and design, and implementing stricter measures against fraud. Or they may explore new ideas. For example, let's take a look at a similar service, Depop. Depop combines secondhand fashion retail with social media elements to show a forward-looking approach. Targeting young users, especially Gen Z and millennials, Depop's interface mimics popular social platforms like Instagram, providing a visually appealing and engaging shopping experience. This allows users to spend more time on apps like scrolling through social media feeds (Wilson, 2020).

This model allows secondhand transactions to be combined with personal social media to increase trust in sellers. It may also be possible to reduce the inconvenience of communication through engaging and personalized interactions.

3. Implementing Insights in a Mobile Sustainable Marketplace at HFBK

Reading several related studies and looking around various platforms, I was able to gain insight into the strengths and weaknesses of the user experience on each platform.

In the case of HFBK, it is important to establish a system that allows students to trade easily. Telegram channels are currently achieving this goal, but they are facing limitations in user convenience due to the vast amount of posts and lack of management systems. Careful item classification is essential to overcoming these constraints. Given that HFBK is an art institution, it is fundamental to choose particular product categories that complement the environment. Additionally, since it has a relatively small quantity of objects, compare to a search function, an intuitive and easy classification system will be more efficient that helps users to find items more easily.

In addition, one of the most important ways to promote interaction is to simplify the product listing process. Barriers to entrance can be reduced with an easy-to-use registration process that simply asks for necessary information like prices, item titles, and images. Simplifying this process reduces the cognitive load on the user, making it more attractive for students to participate in selling and purchasing items.

Finally, the implementation of these platforms will contribute to environmental sustainability. By providing a means to recycle exhibition materials and other used goods, the platform can significantly reduce waste generated in HFBK. This will broader sustainability goals by encouraging resource efficiency and fostering HFBK's sustainable consumption culture.

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Images Reference

Figure 3
Toxic behavior of Kleinanzeigen Users [Digital image]. (2024). Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/C3BRE79I9Yy/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNW FlZA%3D%3D

Figure 4
Toxic behavior of Karrot Users [Digital image]. (2022). Retrieved from https://quasarzone.com/bbs/qb_humor/views/1600771

Figure 5
Toxic behavior of Depop Users [Digital image]. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.reddit.com/r/Depop/comments/dt489h/ive_never_seen_a_more_accurate_depop_relat ed_meme/

Figure 6
Weird item from Kleinanzeigen [Digital image]. (2022). Retrieved from https://www.business-punk.com/2022/05/zehn-ebay-kleinanzeigen-die-uns-beibringen-wie-mansich- richtig-vermarktet/

Figure 7
Weird item from Daagn [Digital image]. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.teamblind.com/kr/post/짤-당근마켓-WM1tgbA5

Figure 8
Weird item from Craigslist [Digital image]. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.boredpanda.com/funny-marketplace-ads/

Figure 9
Mating phase from Depop [Digital image]. (2023). Retrieved from https://www.reddit.com/r/Depop/comments/17sbhoc/using_depop_as_a_dating_app/#lightbox

Figure 10
Mating phase from Kleinanzeigen [Digital image]. (2024). Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/reel/DAjS1c7oSka/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiN WFlZA%3D%3D

Figure 11
Mating phase from Kleinanzeigen [Digital image]. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.ppomppu.co.kr/zboard/view.php?id=freeboard&no=7258489

Figure 12
Shared experiences by Depop [Digital image]. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.reddit.com/r/Depop/comments/mhzl6h/the_disappointment/?rdt=41422

Figure 13
Shared experiences by Kleinanzeigen [Digital image]. (2023). Retrieved from https://www.watson.ch/spass/dumm-gelaufen/904478906-17-der-verruecktesten-verhandlungenauf- ebay-kleinanzeigen

Figure 14
당근. (2021, May 3). 혹시 아니면 어떡하나, "당근이세요?" [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/UVmqu5mlyUc?feature=shared